George Washington :: Essays Papers

George WashingtonThe genetic disorder I was told to research was the reaping hook Cell Disease. I will explain what sport causes this disease, the characteristics of it, and what has developed in the argona of gene therapy because of it. The reaping hook Cell Disease is an inherited disease.The gene for hemogoblin-S (which causes the disease) is the most common inherited stock certificate condition in America although most people only inherit one copy of the gene for HbS, while the other gene, hemogoblin-A, is normal, and can override HbS, blocking the disease. These people render the HbS trait, but not the disease, therefore leading a normal life. For an offspring to acquire the disease, both parents must have the HbS gene, yet the child only has a 25% chance of having Sickle Cells. You cannot catch the disease, you are born with it and it is present for life. There are many complications and harmful effects as the result of the Sickle Cell Disease. The disease causes hemoglobi n in the red blood cells, when it does not receive sufficient oxygen, to form into long, reap hook shapes with a sticky, chemical surface. When blood cells are this form, they cannot go through the capillaries, blocking off both blood and oxygen. Fortunately only 20% of all red blood cells become Sickle Cells the sickle cells have a shorter life span and most blood cells go through the capillaries onwards becoming sickle-shaped. The most painful effect known from Sickle Cell Disease are episodes of pain called Sickle Cell Crisis, where the body is in need of oxygen, either from physical activities or a sickle blood cell blocking blood passages that lead to organs.The first day is the worst, where devastating pain goes to the arm, leg, and back, along with the shortness of breath. The other symptoms of Sickle Cells include strokes, increased infections, primeval gallstones, yellow discoloring of eyes and skin, low blood cell counts (anemia), and delayed growth. For the cause of the Sickle Cell Disease, there has been many research going on in the area of gene therapy. Labs around the world are trying to fix the basic genetic defect, by placing the correct amino acid in the hemogoblin before or shortly after birth. This method would result in the cure of the root of the problem. Currently researchers are finding a safe way to actualize this method. To try

Acid Rain :: Environmental Fossil Fuels Essays

Acid Rain Fossil fuels argon a major part of our society today. With the start of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels became a very vital source in our day to day lives. Without fossil fuels our lives would be difficult-we would not be able to have cars, electricity, heat, and many other objects we purpose on a daily basis. Although fossil fuels are beneficial to us, fossil fuels possess a negative side effect. Fossil fuels have contributed to many environmental concerns. One of the most hazardous concerns caused by fossil fuels is venereal disease rain. Until taking EGEE 101, I was unaware of this concern and did not know the harmful damages that unpleasant rain causes. Therefore, I wanted to understand more about acid rain and know exactly what it is and where it comes from. Acid rain is considered precipitation in the traffic pattern of rain, snow, or fog. It is not regular precipitation though it is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emiss ions of sulfur dioxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity, such as automobiles, industries, and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released, they mix with water desiccation in the clouds and form sulfuric and nitric acids (Acid Rain Encyclopedia Britannica 2005). When sulfuric and nitric acids are released into the atmosphere, they travel long distances by winds before falling behind to earth as acid precipitation. This causes a problem when the environment cannot neutralize the acid in such large amounts (Acid Rain and The Facts 2005). An acid is a nub distinguished by its ability to react with a base (Acid Rain and The Facts 2005). Therefore this form of precipitation is named acid rain is because it has a high sullenness according to the pH scale. The pH scale is a system of measurement to measure the amount of acid in a liquid-like water. Acids release hydrogen ions, and the acid content of a solution is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore shown as pH (Acid Rain Encyclopedia Britannica 2005).

Peer Pressure and Drinking Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

When the majority of us imagine what our college years should consist of, we see fun, friends, and frequent parties. Its barely natural considering all the hype that music, movies, and popular television shows portray. Singer Asher Roth describes what one should typically experience throughout his infamous single I crawl in College. Apparently, we should just dance, get each other naked, drink, and smoke then pass out at 3, wake up at 10, go out to wipe out then do it again. ABC Familys hit series, Greek, produced an episode where all the fraternities and sororities were forced to comply with an alcohol ban during the campus Dry Weekend. All these students could do was whine and complain about how boring their lives would be for the next 48 hours.It is important to keep in mind that your friends probably cant see aside the stereotype of what theyre conditioned to believe college is all about. Theyre under the fabricated impression that theres a status quo to maintain and the only way to uphold this expectation is through Flip Cup and Power Hour. When you dont want to submerge y...

Library :: essays research papers

BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Two explosions rocked western Baghdads al-Shulah neighborhood near a Shiite Muslim mosque on Sunday, killing at least 15 flock and cutting at least 57, Iraqi police said.The first blast was triggered near the mosque -- and when people gathered near the scene, a suicide car bomber litter into the crowd and detonated the vehicle in the second blast, police said.Word of the blasts in the capital came unsloped hours after news of two suicide car bombs in Tikrit, about 90 miles (150 km) north of Baghdad.The bombs exploded just 15 minutes and a short distance apart, killing at least six people and wounding 26 at an Iraqi Police Academy in Tikrit, according to an official with Tikrits governors office.Police were responding to the first explosion -- which happened in front of the police academy at 8 a.m. (12 a.m. EDT) -- when the second car bomb detonated close by at the meteorology building, the official said.In an earlier attack Saturday evening, cardinal com mandos with Iraqs Interior Ministry were wounded when five mortar rounds landed inside their facility in the al-Baiya neighborhood of southwest Baghdad, Iraq police said. The attack in Tikrit, Saddam Husseins hometown, occurred as new recruits at the academy were about to travel to the Jordanian capital of Amman for a training program, police Lt. Shalan Allawi said, The Associated Press reported.A doctor at Tikrit General Hospital said the bombs killed four policemen and two civilians, with 23 policemen and several civilians wounded, AP reported. Elsewhere, three insurgents were killed Sunday as the roadside bomb they were trying to plant in the town of Mahawil exploded, police said in the nearby city of Hillah.The explosions follow the deaths of at least 12 people Saturday in a series of attacks by insurgents. The U.S. armed services said Task Force Baghdad soldiers arrested eight people Saturday. They are suspected of shooting down a commercial helicopter Thursday. The military sa id in a release that an "Iraqi civilian helped Task Force Baghdad soldiers find" eight people, who were being questioned in the crash that resulted in the deaths of 11 people on board. Six American security contractors, two Bulgarian crew members and two Fijian security guards were killed in the crash.A Bulgarian crew member who survived the crash was shot to death, according to the Bulgarian company that owned the helicopter.The helicopter was flying from Baghdad to the northern city of Tikrit when it went down just north of the capital.

Conflict Management Styles Essay -- Business, Handling Conflicts

fighting is known to be inseparable in all human interactions. In any organization, role differentiation acquires the different uses of appointment handling styles. Work direction, reward, supervision, discipline and performance review also involve the use of encounter handling styles. Organizational change and control is also viewed from a conflict perspective. In attempts to explain the nature or dynamics of a particular organizational phenomenon, conflict whitethorn be incorporated as a causal factor (Brown and Peterson, 1993). Our society is concerned with the issue on how the skills of leaders can be enriched so as to enable them to act with greater growth when their contributions are from dealing with and through people especially their subordinates. One way of looking into this issue is from the conflict perspectives. The attention to interpersonal relationships is due to our belief that secure leader-subordinate relationships are important and consistent with h umanistic and cooperative work environment sought by contemporary leaders. It is also believed that positive interpersonal relationship at workplace is able to increase subordinates satisfaction with leader and subordinates with high levels of satisfaction are more likely to be committed to the organization (Brown and Peterson, 1993). Differences in the light of conflict possess implication in its own right. This is due to leaders uses of conflict styles may be reinforced by subordinates responses or the leader may anticipate subordinates reaction to the use of conflict styles. It is worthwhile for the leader to be aware of the existence of multiple sources of conflict in work situations and how it promote subordinates occupation satisfaction sin... ...nd Kabanoff (1990) support these dimensions. Applying good management principles in building quality relationships with people will help to prevent or at least fall conflict. In spite of the best efforts a t prevention, conflict does arise. The secret is to learn to cope positively with conflict, and not to see it as an enemy to peace, but an chance for growth in relationships (Laue, 1981, and Blome, 1983). In the past, management theorist used the term conflict avoidance, but today this phrase is increasingly replaced with the phrase of conflict management. Conflict management recognizes that while conflict does have associated costs, it can also bring with it great benefits. It is for this reasons that todays managers seek not to avoid, but to manage conflict within the organization (Nurmi and Darling, 1997 Su-Mei Lin, 2003).

Conflict Management Styles Essay -- Business, Handling Conflicts

Conflict is known to be inseparable in all human interactions. In any organization, role differentiation acquires the different uses of negate treatment styles. Work direction, reward, supervision, discipline and performance review also involve the use of encounter handling styles. Organizational change and control is also viewed from a conflict perspective. In attempts to explain the nature or dynamics of a particular organizational phenomenon, conflict may be incorporated as a causative factor (Brown and Peterson, 1993). Our society is concerned with the issue on how the skills of leaders can be enriched so as to enable them to act with greater proficiency when their contributions are from dealing with and through people especially their subordinates. One way of looking into this issue is from the conflict perspectives. The attention to interpersonal relationships is due to our belief that sound leader-subordinate relationships are important and consistent with human istic and cooperative work environment sought by contemporary leaders. It is also believed that positive interpersonal relationship at body of work is able to increase subordinates merriment with leader and subordinates with high levels of satisfaction are more likely to be committed to the organization (Brown and Peterson, 1993). Differences in the perception of conflict possess implication in its own right. This is due to leaders uses of conflict styles may be reinforced by subordinates responses or the leader may telephone subordinates reaction to the use of conflict styles. It is worthwhile for the leader to be aware of the existence of multiple sources of conflict in work situations and how it promote subordinates job satisfaction sin... ...nd Kabanoff (1990) support these dimensions. Applying good oversight principles in building quality relationships with people will help to prevent or at least lessen conflict. In spite of the best efforts at pre vention, conflict does arise. The secret is to learn to cope positively with conflict, and not to see it as an enemy to peace, but an opportunity for harvest-tide in relationships (Laue, 1981, and Blome, 1983). In the past, management theorist used the term conflict avoidance, but today this phrase is increasingly replaced with the phrase of conflict management. Conflict management recognizes that while conflict does have associated costs, it can also bring with it great benefits. It is for this reasons that todays managers seek not to avoid, but to manage conflict at heart the organization (Nurmi and Darling, 1997 Su-Mei Lin, 2003).

Behavioral Health Services

cordial illness refers to any condition or disease alter the gay brain that has an impact on a persons thinking, feelings, behavior, and his interaction with other people and his environment. The symptoms of moral illness vary from mild to acute, depending on the critical illness involved however, if psychogenic illness goes un interact, the individual affected often finds difficulty, or inability in coping with their daily activities in t hotshot (MedicineNet, 2008, para. 1).Physical illnesses much(prenominal) as heart disease and diabetes ar commonly easy to diagnose via a simple blood test or a symptomatic interrogative sentence. This, unfortunately, is non the case with mental illnesses. The doctor would have to rely on the symptoms of the individual (e. g. how long they have been present, how severe they are, etc. ) and conduct a physiologic examination to gather further information or to verify their initial diagnosis (National Institute of Mental wellness, 2005).Alt hough mental illnesses can non be prevented, they can be treated use medications and various forms of therapy. Deinstitutionalization The deinstitutionalization of mental wellness patients during the 1960s was en compel to close down the operation of state mental institutions and was first believed to be a win-win part for everyonethe conservatives cherished to cut costs, and the liberals envisioned the freedom of the residents of these institutions whom they believe are being treated involuntarily (Failer, 2002).However, disaster resulted from this movement. Huge numbers of obviously mentally-ill individuals materialized on the metropolis streets. These individuals were dirty, exhausting torn clothing, having hallucinations and talking to themselves or yelling at others, and on the whole, acting in a weird manner. Majority of the discharged patients were transferred to nursing homes, deteriorating neighborhoods, branded homes, and low-cost housing. The patients confined in nu rsing homes increased from 19-44% from1950 to 1970 (Kramer, 1975).Particularly affected by the nursing home conditions were the elderly who ask ford short shrift because they were not admitted to custodial institutes and for months, they were forced to anticipate in acute care centers waiting for placement in cheaper and more suitable institutions. Also, a huge percentage of the discharged patients had nowhere to go because they no longer had families, or their families did not want to take them in. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the hindrance in the continued care and treatment of the mentally ill. Integrated Health CareMental health function are integrated into first health care returns as doing otherwise implies a number of disadvantages. Without mental health set uprs, in that respect would be no one to conduct diagnostic, capacity, cognitive, and personality assessments for differentiating normal body processes from adjustment reactions, medication side effects, path ology, or a blend of these problems. Also, behavioral and mental health problems would not be properly diagnosed and treated. Mental health experts are also needed as their expertise would contribute to the design, execution, and assessment of patient outcomes and team up care.Depending on the degree of illness of the mentally-ill patient, other health and social services might be needed. Some simply needs a place where they would not accidentally hurt themselves. Others may just require therapy. Some need a place where there are people who will see to it that they are pickings medication properly. Some mental illnesses are associated with physical illness, emphasizing the need for primary health care services. Some need social services much(prenominal) as vocational rehab, family support classs, and day care centers.Behavioral Health ServicesMental illness refers to any condition or disease affecting the human brain that has an impact on a persons thinking, feelings, behavior, and his interaction with other people and his environment. The symptoms of mental illness vary from mild to acute, depending on the arrogate illness involved however, if mental illness goes untreated, the individual affected often finds difficulty, or inability in coping with their daily activities in life (MedicineNet, 2008, para. 1).Physical illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes are commonly easy to diagnose via a simple blood test or a diagnostic examination. This, unfortunately, is not the case with mental illnesses. The doctor would have to rely on the symptoms of the individual (e. g. how long they have been present, how severe they are, etc. ) and conduct a physiological examination to gather further information or to verify their initial diagnosis (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005).Although mental illnesses cannot be prevented, they can be treated using medications and various forms of therapy. Deinstitutionalization The deinstitutionalization of mental heal th patients during the 1960s was enforced to close down the operation of state mental institutions and was first believed to be a win-win situation for everyonethe conservatives wanted to cut costs, and the liberals envisioned the freedom of the residents of these institutions whom they believe are being treated involuntarily (Failer, 2002).However, disaster resulted from this movement. Huge numbers of obviously mentally-ill individuals materialized on the city streets. These individuals were dirty, wearing torn clothing, having hallucinations and talking to themselves or yelling at others, and on the whole, acting in a weird manner. Majority of the discharged patients were transferred to nursing homes, deteriorating neighborhoods, proprietary homes, and low-cost housing. The patients confined in nursing homes increased from 19-44% from1950 to 1970 (Kramer, 1975).Particularly affected by the nursing home conditions were the elderly who received short shrift because they were not adm itted to custodial institutes and for months, they were forced to stay in acute care centers waiting for placement in cheaper and more suitable institutions. Also, a huge percentage of the discharged patients had nowhere to go because they no longer had families, or their families did not want to take them in. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the hindrance in the continued care and treatment of the mentally ill. Integrated Health CareMental health services are integrated into primary health care services as doing otherwise implies a number of disadvantages. Without mental health providers, there would be no one to conduct diagnostic, capacity, cognitive, and personality assessments for differentiating normal body processes from adjustment reactions, medication side effects, pathology, or a blend of these problems. Also, behavioral and mental health problems would not be properly diagnosed and treated. Mental health experts are also needed as their expertise would contribute to the design, execution, and assessment of patient outcomes and team care.Depending on the degree of illness of the mentally-ill patient, other health and social services might be needed. Some simply needs a place where they would not accidentally hurt themselves. Others may just require therapy. Some need a place where there are people who will see to it that they are taking medication properly. Some mental illnesses are associated with physical illness, emphasizing the need for primary health care services. Some need social services such as vocational rehab, family support groups, and day care centers. The Managed Care ApproachOn the whole, managed care involves paying for what is adequate and what is medically necessary, using the cheapest pick. The Center for Mental Health Services (CHMS) outlines its possible benefits and drawbacks Advantages 1) Better facilities, with more proficient medical professionals. 2) Expanded alternatives, consisting of support services and treatment opti ons. 3) Money saved may be used for making health insurance cheaper. Disadvantages 1) Patients with long-term mental illnesses may require not just short-term acute care (the preferred alternative in managed care).2) The symptoms of the patient may worsen if hospitalization is denied without offering options for intensive care. 3) Difficulty in protecting confidentiality. 4) Difficulty in the continuity of care for patients who receive short-term treatments at different locations. Mental Health Care Funding The three governmental sources that provide benefits for mental health care include Medicare, Medicaid, and the part of Veteran Affairs. The following outlines the populations eligible for these programs. Note, however, that these are the basic descriptions of who are eligible.Eligibility would still depend on various specific factors and criteria. Medicare Eligible populations include individuals aged 65 and above, individuals under age of 65 with certain disabilities, and i ndividuals with End-Stage Renal Disease, regardless of age (US Department of Health and Human Services). Medicaid Eligible populations include certain low-income individuals who qualify for an eligibility group recognized by the laws that vary according to state (US Department of Health and Human Services). Department of Veteran Affairs.Eligible populations include veterans actively engaged in one of the seven uniformed military services. If a veteran has been discharged from the military, he/she can still be eligible if the discharge was not due to ignominious service (GovBenefits. gov). Recommendations 1) Have primary health care practitioners undergo mental health training or instigate collaboration with mental health experts. This allows primary health care practitioners to attend to the health needs of mentally-ill patients, and the mental health needs of patients with chronic or infectious diseases.2) Develop a system for identifying the exact need of the mentally-ill patient before he/she is admitted. Incorporate clinical and behavioral assessments to determine whether the patient needs medication, counseling, therapy, or a combination of these. 3) Develop and provide rehabilitation programs, therapies, and counseling for the patients and their families and friends. 4) Develop recording systems that permit the continuous supervision, assessment and updating of the patients mental health activities to gather data that would be used for service improvements. References Failer, J. (2002).Who qualifies for rights? Homelessness, Mental illness, and Civil Commitment. Cornell University Press. GovBenefits. gov. VA Health Care Basic Medical Benefits Package for Veterans. Retrieved August 14, 2010 from http//www. govbenefits. gov/govbenefits_en. portal? _nfpb=true&_pageLabel=gbcc_page_category&_nfls=false&bid=303&mode=report Kramer, M. (1975). psychiatric Services and the Changing Institutional Scene. Rockville, Maryland. MedicineNet, Inc. (2008). Mental Illn ess Basics. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http//www. medicinenet. com/mental_illness/article. htm National Institute of Mental Health.(2005). Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http//science. education. nih. gov/supplements/nih5/mental/guide/info-mental-a. htm The Center for Mental Health Services. Managed Mental Health What to Look For What to Ask. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http//mentalhealth. about. com/library/ken/blmmh. htm US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicaid weapons platform General Information. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http//www. cms. gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare Program General Information.

Crime and Punishment in Various Countries Essay

Five Works Cited The effectiveness of the United States sorry intelligent system has been questioned and scrutinized by the media and legal analysts for decades. Even with laws to lengthen sentences and to try younger offenders as adults, the over each umbrage rate in the nation is still on the rise. just why is it that in places like Iceland and Singapore crime rates are so low yet both countries have very several(predicate)iate criminal laws? It has been brought to my attention that Congress volition attempt to create an entire impudent criminal legal system for the states to adopt in an effort to at last make the streets of America safer for its citizens. Assuming that all states will forfeit their own policies to take up the system Congress builds, it is my duty to shed light on the criminal legal system and differing views of the United States and other countries legal systems and differing views of the United States and other countries of different governments, geogra phies, and legal systems. I will also explore the green ground they share when prosecuting criminal offenders. The information I will discover will be taken into consideration by legislators when designing a new and improved criminal justice system.It is first important to take a close look at the crime rate occurring in America. The United States has much than citizens in prison than any other country. The incarceration rate of the U.S. is second only to Russia with 666 incarcerated per 100,000. The U.S. constitutes one third of the worlds population that is imprisoned eon it only makes up five percent population. (Fathers Manifesto) The criminal legal system is slightly different in every state. For example, only thirty octad states practice capital punishment while the other twelve employ carriage imprisonment with no parole as an alternative to putting in effect(p) offenders to death. The death penalty in the United states is one of the most criticized policies in Ameri g reat deal society. Under the Constitutions eighth amendment, Americas are protected against inhuman and unusual punishment.While it does non clearly define what punishment is deemed cruel and unusual, several campaigns argue that capital punishment is cruel and unusual and is a guide violation of human rights. Organizations like Amnesty International, a worldwide human rights group, claims that capital punishment is not only inhumane, but it does not deter crime more effectively in comparison to other punishments notinvolving death. (Amnesty International) Other studies have proven that it in fact costs up to three times more to put a person to death that it does to sentence life in prison with no parole. A Texas death penalty case costs an fairish of $2.3 million, about three times the cost of imprisoning nighone in a single cell at the highest security level for forty years.(Hoppe 1A)Yet, with all the polls, statistics, and studies conducted to reprove the practice of the de ath penalty in the United States, other nations have found the death penalty, as well as other harsh punishments, is not a violation to human and civil rights, but an effective tool in keeping public safety. Singapores criminal laws are some of the most extreme and consistent laws found in all of the world. Its government still employs the use of corporal punishment for some offenses that would receive a classical parole sentence in the U.S. Singapores citizens have stated that hitherto though its punishments are severe and outrageous to some, their streets are safer, cleaner, and the quality of life in Singapore is valued more because of these punishments. In this country the punishments that undergo heavy crossfire in the U.S. are swiftly carried out and as a result, crime in Singapore is significantly lower in comparison to the U.S. crime rates. (Fathers Manifesto) There is a consistent mandatory death sentence for somnific offenders.A death sentence is also immediately carrie d out for anyone who opens fire while committing an unlawful act whether or not you shoot anyone or anything is not taken into consideration. (Singapore Law FAQ) Caning is another form of punishment carried out for crimes such as vandalism and sex offenses. Convicts are strapped to a trestle and the exposed seat of the offender are flogged by a martial arts expert. The caning is usually coupled with a prison sentence. Singapores officials argue that its uncompromising laws and swift, severe punishment are what corrects it aside from a crime-ridden place like New York City. (Fathers Manifesto)Of course, opponents to CP (corporal punishment) argue that this is also a cruel and unusual way of life to deter crime.However, those that argue this only need to compare the crime rates of Singapore to those of the United States. Whipping or caning is indeed stressful and indescribable but it is Singapores alternative to costly long-term confinement. This way criminals are quickly reform ed and released back into society aslaw stay citizen. Another factor to be considered in Singapores low crime rate is its geography and its size. The country is located northeast of Indonesia just confederation of Malaysia. It is roughly 3.5 times the size of Washington D.C. It is arguable to say that the reason Singapores crime rates are low compared to the U.S. is because of its small, controllable area.But is the size of a nation or governed land a factor in determining its crime rate? Take into consideration the territory of Puerto Rico. It is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean considerably smaller than Singapore. However, Puerto Ricos murder rate is more than three times higher than that of the U.S. (National Center) The needlelike contrast between a place like Puerto Rico and Singapore and the U.S. is that while citizens of the U.S. and Singapore enjoy a high standard of living, over half(prenominal) of Puerto Ricos population earns less than US$ 11,000 a year. This brin gs us to another question in this research. Does a socioeconomic factor playa role in a countrys crime rate? Another interesting tidbit is that capital punishment does not exist in Puerto Rico. Their courts are set up similar to those of Singapore. A magistrate judge is the one who hears the case, decides the verdict and delivers the sentence.The prisons in Puerto Ricoare, for the most part, run by gangs, dilapidated, infested with insects and pose a serious health bane to inmates. (Penal Lexicon) The prison system has been under the watchful eye for the drastic and costly changes not only for the prisons, but for juvenile treatment centers, discipline measures and improvements in noetic health care. The brutality of violence and disease in prisons seem like enough to prevent anyone from committing a crime that would result in jail time. Unfortunately, even with the abolishment of capital punishment and the anarchy in prisons, Puerto Rico is notorious for holding one of the worlds highest murder rate. (Penal Lexicon)After completing the criminal legal system of three random governments, it is interesting to see how each handles the ever- present demon called crime. When will there be a system that can effectively prevent crime and correct offenders without severe, barbaric tactics and without corruption and anarchy? When researching the topic on criminal legal systems, Ive foundthat different countries have very different beliefs in which they value the life of a human. One country, the United States, will go the extra mile to find the lift out possible defense for its accused.Another, Singapore, will torture and beat confessions from its suspects while the other, Puerto Rico, casts its criminals into a hell practically operated by those society has thrown away. The common ground all three nations share is their never-ending struggle to provide its citizens with the means to live a life that is safe, meaningful and without fear of danger. Back in America, o ur government will continue to brainstorm ideas to eliminate crime in our streets and neighborhoods.

Film Analysis: “Elizabeth: the Golden Age” Essay

big businessman Elizabeth I was integrity of the just ab out memorable, most discussed and most written about milkweed butterfly non only in England, but in Western history (Dobson and Watson 2 Rozett 103). She was the only monarch that historians attributed an entire duration of English history after. The demand Elizabeth the prosperous Age is an example of the female monarchs popularity in literature.Although much of the film had accurately depicted the life of the male monarch as to the reason why the Elizabethan period of England was synonymous to the period of peace and prosperity, there were a number of discrepancies among the information shown in the film against data retrieved from historical records. This paper would be presenting these discrepancies as well as an insight on cigarette Elizabeth Is view to fightds marriage and mental profile. The film Elizabeth the Golden Age was set in the year 1565, when Spain was considered as the most powerful Empire in Wes tern history and was under the die hard of indexiness Philip II.In order to achieve his goal to spread the Catholic faith across Europe, Philip II began what he considered as a holy war. This war had allowed him to conquer all the European countries, except for England which was still under the rule of a Protestant cigarette, Elizabeth I. Although non directly stated, the film implied that it was in the year 1585 that Philip II decided it was time to purify England from the clutches of the devil ruled by a whore (Elizabeth the Golden Age). The film depicted King Philip II clearly as someone who extremely despised female monarch Elizabeth I in her entirety.However, Campion and Holleran stated that when Queen Elizabeth I ascended the throne in 1558, King Philip II in fact proposed marriage to the Queen. Although she politely declined is marriage proposal, she accepted the advice and protection that King Philip II offered to her (2). Meanwhile, in a meeting with her political adv isers, Queen Elizabeth I was warned that her country was straightaway divided by religion. Half of the country was now practicing the Catholic faith with the other half practicing the Protestant faith.They recommended to the Queen that measures must(prenominal) be taken against the English Catholics. This was because her advisers saw the English followers of the Catholic faith as a threat to Elizabeth Is reign because of twain reasons. The first was that since they were practicing the Catholic, this meant that they had allied themselves with both the Pope and the kingdom of Spain, who has been considered in the film as Englands greatest enemy. The second was that the Catholics no longer recognized Elizabeth I as their ruler.Rather, their loyalty had shifted to parenthoody shame Stuart, the Queens cousin and whom they regarded as the rightful Queen-in-waiting. Queen Elizabeth I responded to her advisers that she would non punish her people because of their religious beliefs and certified them that she had been told that the people still revered her as their Queen (Elizabeth the Golden Age). The division in England, brought about by religious beliefs, had been a problem that did non occur during Queen Elizabeth Is reign.Instead, this division was an issue that the Queen inherited from her predecessors, bloody shame Tudor and her father, henry eighter. According to historical records, Henry VIII rejected the papal authority in 1534 and assumed the title of Supreme Head of the National Church. With the ascension of Mary Tudor to the throne in 1553, she seek to reconcile the English Church with the Church of Rome. Initially, Elizabeth I was considered to be moderate when it came to religious affairs since she was more concerned in keeping her throne, maintaining the peace and the forward motion of the prosperity of England.Furthermore, Elizabeth I herself accepted three different religions during her lifetime Anglo-Catholic, Catholic, and Protestant. Thi s was why she did not see the English Catholics as a threat and refrained herself from imposing exacting punishments. She did, however, encou rabidnessd religious uniformity by setting an example. She had also pressured her subjects to abandon their resistance to the established Church of England (Campion and Holleran 11-14 Cole 2 Taylor-Smither 63).Sir Francis Walsingham revealed to Queen Elizabeth I in the film that an assassination plot called the attempt of England was discovered masterminded by the Spanish monarchy. The plot included two armies were situated along the coasts of Sussex and Norfolk. They were waiting for the order to advert Mary Stuart to assassinate Elizabeth I and to put Mary Stuart on the throne of England. When she learned about the assassination attempt, Queen Elizabeth I confronted the ambassadors of Philip II to England.This caused the ambassadors to end their fleck in disgrace and to view her as the center of an international Protestant conspiracy inc iting a rebellion both in the Netherlands and in France (Doran Elizabeth I and hostile Policy, 1558-1603 8 Elizabeth the Golden Age). Upon the discovery of the assassination plot, Mary Stuart had given the order to execute the assassination plot on the Queen. While she was in church, one of the supporters of the Enterprise of England managed to get through the guards at the front of the church and tried to kill the Queen with the use of a pistol.However, the pistol used was unarmed, and the Queen survived the assassination attempt. The assassin and the other members of the Enterprise of England were captured, imprisoned and tortured. Later, Sir Walsingham indeed confronted Mary Stuart with regards to the assassination attempt on the Queen and her involvement to the plot. She was then presented the orders she had given out to the members of the Enterprise of England to proceed with the assassination of the Queen. Mary Stuart was tried for treason and was executed by kill. It was o nly after the execution of Mary Stuart that Sir Walsingham realized the true intention of Spain. done the execution of Mary Stuart who was both a Catholic and an ally of Spain, England provided Philip II a reason to wage war against England (Elizabeth the Golden Age). Although this served as the culminate of the entire film, it also contained the most of the discrepancies on historical documents and records except for Mary Stuarts involvement in the assassination attempt on the life of Queen Elizabeth I. This did not come as a surprise since there hasten been numerous documents and literary works where the events of the life of Queen Elizabeth I were re-arranged.An example of this was the liveliness made by Sir Walter Scott entitled Kenilworth where he changed the events so that Amy Robsart, the first married woman of Robert Dudley which occurred in 1560 would coincide with the entertainment spectacle at Kenilworth which occurred in 1575 (Rozett 104). Mary Stuart, who was also k now in history as Mary, Queen of Scots, became the Queen of Scotland after her birth in 1542. She espouse the Dauphin of France and became the Queen of France when he ascended the throne in 1559. Her reign as Queen of France was only short-lived, since her husband died a year later his ascent to the throne.She then returned to Scotland to assume her place as the Queen of Scots upon the death of her mother. Her bring home the bacon marriages were met with such scandal. Of these marriages, the most scandalous was her marriage to the Earl of Bothwell, who had been considered as the alleged murderer of her second husband. Her marriage to the Earl of Bothwell outgrowthed to a national uprising where she was defeated in 1567. She was then forced to sign a document on the threat of death to abdicate her throne and title of the Queen of Scotland.She tried to regain her title by raising another army which was also defeated. She then sought protection on her life in England and her cousin, Elizabeth I. Outraged by the actions done by the Scotch lords against her cousin, Elizabeth I protected her cousin and detained her as a captive (Campion and Holleran 2-3 Perry 145-46). Since the death of Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Is ascension to the English throne, Mary Stuart had convey publicly her legitimate claim to the English throne since her mother was the eldest sister of Henry VIII, Elizabeth Is father.Even though she was a prisoner in England, she remained to be a threat to Elizabeth I. When reports were brought to Queen Elizabeth Is assistance that her cousin was involved in assassination plots against her, Parliament moved for Mary Stuarts execution. Initially, Elizabeth I did not consider this option since there was no evidence that proved the allegations against Mary Stuart. That all changed upon when Sir Francis Walsingham discovered the assassination plot against the Queen called the Babington plot.To gather evidence regarding the involvement of Mary Stuart on t he plot, he ordered Mary Stuart to be moved to a house where she could be more well monitored and appointed a new jailer who was less sympathetic to Mary Stuart. Soon, Mary Stuart began to receive news from Europe which were smuggled to her through waterproof packages inserted in the bungholes of beer kegs. Unknown to Mary Stuart, Sir Walsingham had already intercepted these messages and had managed to decode them before Mary Stuart and her confidantes received them.It was here that Sir Walsingham discovered that the plotters of the assassination of the Queen were headed by a rich and noble-minded Catholic squire named Anthony Babington and that there were sixty thousand Spanish and English soldiers ready to rescue Mary upon receiving her approval. She approved the assassination and her rescue in writing. Sir Walsingham presented to Elizabeth I the directions and approval written by Mary Stuart in her own handwriting as evidence and proof of the allegations made against Mary Stuar t.After protecting Mary Stuart for nineteen years, Elizabeth I was compelled by law to transfer Mary to Fortheringhay Castle where she was tried and was found guilty on the crime of treason. She was executed by beheading in 1587. The betrayal brought by Mary Stuart to attempt to assassinate her, Elizabeth Is outlook towards Catholics began to change and saw them as traitors and a threat to her life. This resulted in her implementing sterner laws against Catholics were enforced with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment, torture and death (Campion and Holleran 11-14 Taylor-Smither 63 Thomas 147-48).King Philip II launched his Spanish Armada against England a year after the execution of Mary Stuart. This decision was not influenced by the execution of Mary Stuart. Rather, it was a result of the declining relationship between the two countries. Between the years of 1565 and 1566, many members of the Spanish nobles had demanded Philip II to forego the Spanish chase because they viewed his measures against Protestantism as an attempt to extend Spanish control over the ecclesiastical affairs as a drive to undermine traditional privileges of Spain.This Inquisition was temporarily placed on hold due to the constant threats of the Turks to Spain. The moment the Turks signed a series of treaties with Spain, it gave King Philip II the opportunity to once again pursue his goal to expand Spanish rule over Europe (Doran Elizabeth I and remote Policy, 1558-1603 6-10). The relationship between Spain and England had begun to deteriorate as a result of a number of events that had occurred between King Philip IIs courtship to Queen Elizabeth I and the war between Spain and England.Among these events were the voyages of Francis Drake around the world which were secretly support by Elizabeth I. On top of the products from the New World, Drake also looted the Spanish galleons he came across of which the Queen accepted a portion of when he returned from his journeys in 1580 (Doran Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603 9). The Spanish Armada greatly outnumbered the English army because the population of England was significantly lower than that of Spain which resulted in fewer able men to be enlisted in the army.Also, the military technology of the English army was far behind than any other European countries and it was impossible for Queen Elizabeth I to maintain an army financially because during the four decades of her reign, most of the financial resources were allotted to the maintenance of the blend of politics, socializing and ceremonies that the Queen accomplished through travels around the kingdom (Cole 1 Doran Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603 7 Frye 100 Thomas 160). As the Spanish Armada drew near, Elizabeth I gathered her small army and encouraged them with a short oration which is now known as the Oration at Tilbury Camp. This short speech was considered by most writers and historians accepted as one of the best speeches compos ed by a monarch in Englands history. The most striking line in the speech which was mentioned in the film, although reworded, was I come to lay down for my god, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood in the dust I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a king of England too (Elizabeth the Golden Age Frye 98 Green 424-26).Perhaps what made Queen Elizabeth I such an enigma for many historians and writers was her decision to remain un hook up with, which is why she has been referred to in history as the Virgin Queen. Her decision to remain unmarried stretched down to her ladies-in-waiting and her courtiers such that, in order for them to be married, they must first seek the approval of the Queen. Those who married in secret would have to face the fury of the Queen and might even have to face imprisonment.Such was the case in the movie when she lashed out against Bess, her favorite lady-in-waiting and W alter Raleigh when she discovered they had not only married without her consent, but were expecting a child. Although there are no documentation discovered regarding the encounter between Queen Elizabeth I, Walter Raleigh and Bess, there are numerous accounts on the outbursts of anger the Queen exemplified upon the discovery of the secret marriages of the members of her court. The most documented was the incident between Queen Elizabeth I and one of her ladies-in-waiting named Mary Shelton.When Elizabeth I discovered Mary Sheltons marriage to James Scudamore, she exploded and demanded why Mary Shelton or James Scudamore did not seek her approval before they got married. One eyewitness stated that Mary Shelton was hit profusely by the angered Queen and was attacked by the Queen with a candlestick which caused Mary Sheltons finger to be broken (Doran Monarchy and Matrimony 5-6 Elizabeth the Golden Age Hammer 80-81). Historical records provided two reasons on why Queen Elizabeth I deci ded to remain unmarried throughout her reign.One is that it was her own decision in order to be able to concentrate all her attention to the affairs of the kingdom. This was evident in the speech that she had made at Parliament in 1559 when the members of Parliament presented her a petition to marry. She responded to this petition by stating that she was already married to her husband, the Kingdom of England. This being the case, she did not see any reason why she should still marry a man. Another reason historical records presented in connexion to her choosing to remaining unmarried were her cousin, Mary Stuart and the circumstances surrounding her cousins marriage.As mentioned earlier, Mary Stuarts marriage to her third husband led to a civil uprising in Scotland. After being defeated in the civil uprising, the Scottish lords forced Mary Stuart to abdicate the throne of Scotland and her title as Queen of Scotland. Queen Elizabeth I saw her cousins marriage as the primary cause of her cousins downfall and feared that should she marry, the same events might happen to her (Doran Monarchy and Matrimony 2 King 30-33 Taylor-Smither 61).Psychologists have also presented studies to explain Queen Elizabeth Is decision to remain unmarried. Based on their findings, psychologists cerebrate that Queen Elizabeth I was a damaged human being, based on Sigmund Freuds theory of personality. This damage occurred during her childhood when she witnessed not only her father, King Henry VIII, accusing her mother, Anne Boylen, of the crime of adultery, but also she witnessed her mothers execution by beheading after she was tried and found guilty of the crime.This childhood reposition affected Queen Elizabeth Is personality such that she began to embody the traits of males. It also caused her to identify with males in terms of being dominant and exemplifying traits of courageousness and being aggressive. Because of these personality traits that Queen Elizabeth I adopted and por trayed, it would make it impossible for her to become a wife and a mother because the personality traits that a wife and a mother during this period included being submissive to her husband and to the needs of her children.Psychologists have also noted her uncontrollable and sudden bursts of rage and climate swings. An example of this was seen in the film when she found out that her favorite lady-in-waiting, Bess, not only married Walter Raleigh, but also is expecting a child. This was also evident in historical records when she attacked her lady-in-waiting named Mary Shelton and James Scumadore upon learning that they married without first seeking her approval for their union. These events led modern-day psychologists to conclude that Queen Elizabeth I was suffering from clinical hysteria.This hysteria was brought about by the unconscious anxieties that she was experiencing as a result of her witnessing her mothers trial and execution as well as by feelings of jealousy. This jealo usly was exemplified in the film when Queen Elizabeth I confided to Bess that she was envious of Bess because although she was a Queen, there were many things that her lady-in-waiting may enjoy which she, as a Queen, can neer experience (Doran Monarchy and Matrimony 5-6 Elizabeth the Golden Age Hammer 81).In general, the depiction of the life of Queen Elizabeth I in the film Elizabeth the Golden Age was acceptable, if not accurate. It showed the two sides of the Queen. On one hand, she was a fearless attraction devoted to her country and her duties as Queen that she would rather sacrifice personal joys such as being married in order to concentrate on her obligations to her kingdom. She also proved that, in period where women are considered as inferior to men, a woman did not need a man by her side in order to rule a country.Her experiences during her childhood allowed her to develop important characteristics that a leader during this period must possess dominance, ruthlessness, a ggression and fearlessness. On the other hand, the film also depicted the Queen as an emotionally weak human being. The same childhood experiences that helped her develop her admirable qualities also caused her to become clinically hysterical based on the findings of modern-day psychologists.Her condition caused her to exemplify sudden emotional outbursts of rage which affected the lives of those who served her court with her outbursts at times causing harm to those who have remained loyal to her. However, the re-arrangement done in the film with regards on the timeline and reasons for events to occur may have provided confusing information for the viewers of the film since these events have been re-arranged just as Sir Walter Scott had done centuries before in order to correlate the events presented in the film to all(prenominal) other even if historical records showed otherwise.It can only be assumed that the re-arrangement and changes on the relationship of the events that occur red during the timeline presented in the film may have been done in order for the film to become more exciting to view and to highlight more on the positive qualities of the Queen which made her the most popular monarch of Western history. Works Cited Campion, Edmund and James V. Holleran. A Jesuit Challenge Edmund Campions Debates at the Tower of London in 1581. New York Fordham University Press, 1999. (4) Cole, Mary Hill.The take-away Queen Elizabeth I and the Politics of Ceremony. Amherst, MA University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. (2) Dobson, Michael and Nicola J. Watson. Englands Elizabeth an Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 2003. (1) Doran, Susan. Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603. New York Routledge, 2000. (4) Doran, Susan. Monarchy and Matrimony the Courtships of Elizabeth I. New York Taylor & Francis Routledge, 1996. (3) Elizabeth the Golden Age. Dir. Shekar Kapur. Perf. Cate Blanchett, Geoffry Rush, AbbieCornish, and Samantha Mor ton. 2007. DVD. ecumenic Studios, 2008. (7) Frye, Susan. The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury. Sixteenth Century Journal. 23. 1 (1992) 95- 114. (2) Green, Janet M. I Myself Queen Elizabeth Is Oration at Tilbury Camp. Sixteenth Century Journal. 28. 2 (1997) 421-45. (1) Hammer, capital of Minnesota E. J. Sex and the Virgin Queen Aristocratic Concupiscence and the Court of Elizabeth I. Sixteenth Century Journal. 31. 1 (2000) 77-97. (2) King, John N. Queen Elizabeth I Representations of the Virgin Queen. Renaissance Quarterly. 43. 1 (1990) 30-74. (1) Perry, Maria. The Word of a Prince A Life of Elizabeth I from Contemporary Documents. Rochester, NY Boydell and Brewer Ltd. , 1990. (1) Rozett, Martha Tuck. Constructing a World Shakespeare England and the New Historical Fiction. Albany, NY University of New York Press, 2003. (2) Taylor-Smither, Larissa J. Elizabeth I A mental Profile. Sixteenth Century Journal. 15. 1 (1984) 47-72. (3) Thomas, Jane Rush. Behind the Mask the Life of Queen Elizabeth I. New York Houghton- Mifflin Trade and Reference, 1998. (2)

Political Justice: Plato and Aristotle Essay

Plato and Aristotle had different ideas of government and political judge. In The Re hu human race beings, Plato creates the ideal metropolis, which is needed to guarantee jurist. He aims to create a peaceful united city that forget lead to the greater intelligent of the community and individuals. Unlike Plato who imagines the ideal city, Aristotle looks at actual cities in The Politics. He doesnt want to create the ideal city he aims to improve the existing city. While their ideas approximately politics and justice were different, they both strived to maintain a better elan of life for night club and hoped to contact political justice.In order to define justice, Socrates attempts to create an ideal city, one that is healthy and just. Socrates begins by investigating what justice looks like in the cities in order to go on to consider it in individuals (Plato, 45). He believes that it is done speech that one entrust see the way in which both justice and injustice come into being. Socrates argues that hoi polloi come together as partners and form cities based on coarse needs because each person isnt self-sufficient but is in need of much food, shelter, clothing, and other necessities (Plato, 46). It is in the need that the custody have of one other in a healthy city that justice can be found (Plato, 49). In the Republic, Plato argues that justice is social, structural, and peaceful. He also believes that people function scoop doing one thing well. correspond to Socrates, people naturally differ in nature different men ar apt for the accomplishment of different jobs (Plato, 46). Socrates argues for specialization by state, one man, one art (Plato, 47). He argues that this concept of specialization is the further way to put up certain that each job is done well. Socrates goes on to divide the city into ternion distinct classes producers, warriors, and rulers. Socrates believes a just city requires a division of labor in order to guarantee the stability of the city and nominate the common expert for the citizens. He state of matters that, each thing becomes more plentiful, finer, and easier, when one man, exempt from other tasks, does one thing according to nature (Plato, 47). A strict division of labor is the only way to construct a just city, in which few laws are required. Socrates uses the analogy of the healthy city to identify how justice and injustice naturally grow in cities (Plato, 49).A healthy city becomes an unhealthy, feverish city when people become driven by want and want more than the mere necessities of a healthy city. Some people lead not be satisfied with the mere necessities thus, relishes will be added. When people desire more and more luxuries, the city essential be made bigger again and again because the healthy one is no longer fitted (Plato, 50). As the city grows, more land is required in order to be sufficient. At some point, one must cut off a piece of their neighbors land (Plato, 50). Socrates argues that encroachment will ultimately lead to war. He goes on to state that because of this inevitable war, the city will require Guardians. accord to Socrates, the Guardians of the state must have a very spirited soul be very well trained (Plato, 52). He goes on to argue that a good Guardian must be a philosopher in nature, spirited, swift, and strong (Plato, 53). They must never turn against the city and must know whom to do violence to. Therefore, the Guardians must be gentle to their own and cruel to enemies (Plato, 52). To ensure that they will never turn against the city, Socrates believes that they must be educated morally in speech through the stories of the Gods and heroes (Plato, 54). Socrates argues that the tales should be supervised and modified if need be, in order to instill the idea that Gods can do no wrong. Only the stories that display bravery and elope the fear of death should be taught to the Guardians. As a citizen, a Guardian must defend their cit y, make war together against every enemy of the city, and drive vigilantly for one another.While Plato believed that cities and state came into being because of mutual needs and social contracts, Aristotle thought otherwise. Aristotle views the polis, or city, as a political association or partnership. Aristotle opens The Politics by saying, every city is some sort of partnership, which is constituted for the sake of some good. According to Aristotle, the city must seek to achieve the most dictatorial good of all (Aristotle, 35). He defines villages as collections of families. These different villages come together to create a good combination of both public and nonpublic life. This is a sharp criticism of the argument Plato makes in The Republic.Aristotle goes on to argue that a city naturally arises from the union of several villages (Aristotle, 36). In saying this, he argues that a city exists by nature (Aristotle, 37). A city forms for the purpose of living well and directs i tself toward the common good.One of Aristotles defining arguments is that man is by nature a political animal (Aristotle, 37). What Aristotle is arguing is that apart from the city there is no possible way for man to achieve the good life. Aristotle claims that what makes man different from other animals are that man alone has speech (Aristotle, 37). It is speech that makes possible the deliberation of politics and allows man to come up with the highest authoritative good. According to Aristotle, speech serves to reveal the advantageous and the harmful, and hence also the just and the unjust (Aristotle, 37). In Aristotles city, it is speech and deliberation that justice can be found. Aristotle believes that the law developed through deliberation is a guarantor of just things (Aristotle, 98).In order to define what he believes to be a citizen, Aristotle first argues things that do not imply citizenship honorary citizenship, inhabiting a place, sharing in matters of justice, children, and the elderly (Aristotle, 86). He defines citizenship as sharing in decision and in office (Aristotle, 87). According to Aristotle, a citizen is one who carry offs part in the decisions that are being made. In Aristotles city, the citizen is whoever is entitled to participate (Aristotle, 87).To him, the most important aspect of citizenship is that they are the installation upon which the city is built. He believes that citizens have a share in the regime and should take part in administrating justice. In general, a citizen is defined as a person from parents who are both citizens (Aristotle, 88). Aristotle believes that as constitutions change, citizenship changes as well. Thus, there is different criterion for being a good citizen and being a good man. According to Aristotle, a good citizen upholds and respects the constitution. He claims, a good citizen should know and have the capacity both to be ruled and to rule (Aristotle, 92).In the Republic, Socrates gives three waves t hat he believes are necessary toachieve justice in an unhealthy city. The first wave states that there should be adequateity among men and women of the Guardian class. He writes that men and women of the Guardian class are to share everything in common (Plato, 130). This wave not only deals with equality, it also deals with merit. Despite the fact that men are typically stronger than women, women should be nurtured in the same way as men and educated in the same things. Even though it may seem pitch-dark and absolveiculous, women are to be trained in gymnastics together with men (Plato, 130). After establishing the need for equality among men and women, Socrates moves on to the second wave.The second wave, Socrates argues, is that women and children need to be held in common. He believes that women are to belong to men in common and that no woman can live privately with any man (Plato, 136). Socrates is trying to rid the unhealthy city of private life because he believes that jus tice is social. The Guardians must live as one single family in order to reduce factional conflict. In order for the Guardians to live as one single family, Socrates argues that not only are men and women to be held in common, their children are to be held in common as well.A parent will neither know his own offspring, nor a child his parent (Plato, 136). The goal of this is to, again, rid them of the jealousies and rivalries that accompany private families. Socrates believes that this will make certain greater social equality and increase the unity among the Guardian class. Because the Guardians share everything in common, there will no longer be any concept of private ownership. Thus, there will be harmony and unity within the city. The third, and final, wave Socrates discuses details who it is that he believes should rule in a just city.The third and final wave that Socrates believes is necessary for justice is that philosophers must be the rulers. After making this argument, Gla ucon demands that Socrates defines what he pith as a philosopher. Socrates believes that the philosopher is a desirer of wisdom, not of one part and not another, but of all of it (Plato, 155). The philosopher is a lover of wisdom and total knowledge. Because of this, Socrates argues that philosophers are the only people capable of having knowledge of everything all together they are open-minded and constantly curious. To further hisargument closely the philosopher, Socrates states that the philosopher is a lover of the truth he has knowledge of what is real instead of simply believing in appearances.The first proposal that Socrates makes in The Republic makes sense to me. There should be equality among men and women, but they do not need to share everything is common. There needs to be a balance of both public and private life. It would not make sense to rid society of private life entirely. The second proposal that Socrates makes does not make much sense at all it would not mode l if we wanted to enact a similar system in todays society. It is not logical to think that children would be better people and that society would be a better place if children were taken from their mothers at birth and raised by wet nurses.People need the bond of a private family, it is from family that children learn to love and be loved. The philosophers-as-rulers proposal that Socrates discusses makes sense but it seems extremely unrealistic. A philosopher is the last person that would want to rule a city. Overall, these proposals would every facet of a city. The proposals that he makes are intended to be extreme and ironic. Plato is trying to push his readers in absurd directions in order to establish that justice will never be found.The healthy city in Platos The Republic gives the best definition of justice. The whole intention of creating this ideal city is to define what justice is. Essentially, in his ideal city, there is no injustice. Because Plato uses his ideal state t o show how justice and injustice naturally arise in cities, it is much easier to grasp what justice is and how it comes into being. Because Plato creates the perfect government, he is able to give a clear definition of what justice is. Aristotles definition of distributive justice giving equal things to equal people and unequal things to unequal people can be confusing. While the healthy city may give the best definition of justice, it does not provide the best model for politics. Though it may not be ideal, Aristotles ideal city provides the best model for politics.In Aristotles view politics is only a means to an end that end being the maximum happiness of its citizens. Unlike Plato, who places the burden ofruling solely in the Guardian class, Aristotle believes that everyone should take turn ruling and being ruled (Aristotle, 219). Aristotle argues that the purpose of politics and that city is to promote the good life for its people. He believes that the citizens of a state shoul d agree about what is right and wrong, just and unjust. Plato believes that philosophers are the only people capable of knowing the truth. Aristotle gives a better argument that everyone is capable of knowing the truth. He believes that politics is answerable for educating men in what is right and wrong. Just as Aristotle argues, written law should have greater authority than the rulers. Thus, leading to justice.Both Plato and Aristotle make good arguments about political justice even though the two do not completely agree. By creating an ideal city, Plato clearly defines what justice is. On the other hand, by looking at existing cities, Aristotle gives a good model for politics. While their ideas about politics and justice were different, they both strived to find a better way of life for society and hoped to achieve political justice.BibliographyAristotle, The Politics. Translated with an introduction by Carnes Lord. (Chicago, 1984).Plato (380 B.C.). Republic, translated by G. M. A. Grube, 2 nd ed., revised by C. D. C. Reeve, Indianapolis Hackett (1992).

Raphael

RaphaelVisual analysis assignment, discussing Raphael and the fresco, The School of Athens, (1510-1511). It measures 5. 79 x 8. Mom and is housed in The Stanza Della Signature, Vati croup, Rome. Rafael Sansei or Saint (1483 died Rome 1520) was a major art figure in the age of the rebirth. He was whizz of the greatest portrait artists of all term and one of the greatest painters of classical figure groupsl Gerard El grand in his studies of Renaissance Art agrees with this statement. He helped to define the Italian High Renaissance. 2 Repeals chaste education began early.His father Giovanni Saint was a painter in the Montenegro court. Raphael in subsequent years trained as a painter and gradually surpassed his teachers. Raphael was by chance a student of poring over as their impression style was real similar that as Raphael progressed in his studies his compositions superseded his teachers works. He surpasses his influential mentor Perusing in the rendering of tender yet pow erful beauty. 4 It was in 1508 that Raphael was summoned by Pope Julius II to work for the Vatican and it is where Raphael created the monumental work, School of Athens. In 1508 Raphael was summoned by Pope Julius II to work for the Vatican, where he produced his elaborate frescoes and established his feature workshop. 5 The age of the Renaissance needs to be understood in nightclub to study and comprehend the School of Athens fresco and its underlying meanings. The ideas and knowledge of Ancient Greece were of paramount importance at this time especially in regards to the use of art. It was an era when ancient practices were given a new birth. The name Renaissance was commonly used as well as other definitions, renovation and restitution.This alike explains why the artists saw themselves as revolutionaries. They saw their own potential they had a desire to exist. It was a remarkable feat of self assertion. 6 The humanist ideology and followers of this movement helped to reinve nt Classical Grecian culture. Patriarch was the around famous of the humanists and was the first to put forward the idea of buffeting to Classical Antiquity. That this return could only be a new beginning and non simply a matter of blind faith. l The humanists were involved in translating ancient texts, such(prenominal) as Plats Times and Aristotle Mechanical Ethics. They also wanted to reconcile Platonism with a well assimilated Aristotelian but also with the three main religions Christianity, Judaism and Islam. 3 These rediscovered ancient texts could restore man to a place in a cosmos that was ordered differently from the Aristotelian cosmos. 4 Humanism and its squargon off transformed the Renaissance artists practice, their methods of painting and the subjects expressed. The ideas of the Ancient Hellenics transformed the fields of philology, medicine and theology. 5 The reinterpretation of the sciences, mathematics and physics can be seen with the new developments in paint ing at this time. To talk almost renaissance art is to talk first and foremost about the broader cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance itself. 6 The Renaissance was not a time whereby the ideals of Classical Greece were Just regurgitated. It was the imitation of antiquity which must not be interpreted as a rigid concept. 7 Certain inventions were being introduced in relation to painting during the Renaissance. soigne gives a chronology of events in relation to the theory of perspective. 8 In 1300 Ghetto introduced elementary rational perspective. It is legend that Ghetto drew stillhand a staring(a) circle, firmly establishing the art of draftsmanship even though he had no grasp of mathematical science underlying it. In the 1330 and 1400 artists came aware of measurement, using give marks to help paint the surface of the walls for frescoes. In 1342 4, Imbroglio Lorgnette understood the near approximation and definition of a vanishing point.It was also understood that the ancien ts had developed somewhat kind of systematic perspective method, (at least in stage design). In 1425 Brucellosis peepshows demonstrated the possibility of exact coincidence of natural vision and pictorial vision in a determined blank billet. In 1435-6, painting could be defined as a kind of window circumscribing the intersection of a compressed surface with the pyramid of visual rays. In 1450 experiments in Ariel respective by Flemish painters created recession in landscape backgrounds through a series of more and more cool and pale color zones.During 1450 60, there was evidence of a mixed perspective system sometimes bifocal in appearance, sometimes in disunite planes, sometimes legitimate but usually based on complex calculation. In 1498 the manuscript On Divine Proportion by Luck Piccalilli was published. Historians suck suggested that the diagrams within this manuscript are attributable to Leonardo dad Vinci. l The knowledge gained by artists through these new principle s of mathematics and physics were integral in their understanding of the satirical space. The application of perspective was no longer a rudimentary affair but based on legitimate constructs according to sure laws which led to recognition of pictorial space. 2 Renaissance artists rediscovered human anatomy with the study of Classical classic and Roman statuary. To reproduce the third dimension of space and life of the figures by representing mass in terms of perspective, this optical realism in relation to the material world with correspondingly tonal realism. The pictorial space required the construction of perspective called oceanography which rejected the undefined representation of space in Byzantine and medieval frescoes.Based on the idea that space was homogeneous, it was conceived of as axial and could be applied to a flat surface, devised by theoreticians of art, it aimed to be natural before becoming artificial that is to say based on geometry. 3 Valley Reese describes the fresco School of Athens as sumptuous, a vibrant and vivid intellectual scene. It has vaulted architecture, three Greek arches leading to the beautiful lurch beyond. Raphael has put great effort into the space of this painting. There are echoes of the pantheon structure. The edifice is a large space and is placed in genuine antique style. 4 Wisped states that The architecture contains roman elements but the general semi circular setting having Plato and Aristotle at its centre might be alluding to Pythagoras circumspect 5 Jill Grayer comments that Raphael deliberately romanticists Greek space. That he intellectualized it for a purpose. It echoes or imitates the grandest buildings in Rome the golden house of Nero and it makes references to famous paintings. It does not represent a type of pagan worship but has a rhetorical importance. It is rhetorical fantasy. L Elegant also comments on the paintings mythical capacity. It was not a time of illusion, if myth did come into it, it was defining resilient myth. 2 The Renaissance can be defined by its difference to the previous historical era, The Middle Ages. Elegant states that the The Middle Ages was an era entirely steeped in darkness followed by the radiant dawn of the Renaissance. Although the eminent art critic, John Risking saw the Renaissance as no more than the decline of the middle ages and having at its core puritanical origins. 3 John Risking was not alone in this view as Elegant states that the Nazarene painters ND the Pre-Reappraises also saw the Renaissance in this way.In the 13th Century, the artist Ghetto represented life and used painting methods that differed from the religious art of the Middle Ages. He still presented his figures as in a frieze but he was interested in the different contours and relief of the face and delineated these. He introduced the everyday life into tragic or fantastical scenes not so much as the coded legend as the active life of the legendary beings depicted. 4 Elegan t emphasizes the difference between these two periods of history. The Middle Ages was stuck in a rut of using tired old Byzantine motifs.Tuscany was virtually a cemetery of classical ruins. The Renaissance was a time when painting bust free from religious decoration. Its purpose was to no longer educate or to elicit an emotional response from the faithful but to make them participate, through their own personal experiences, in a reconfiguration of sacred history. 5 Jeanie Anderson acknowledges that religious themes still played a major role in art, during the Renaissance. Religious art remained the most important subject matter in the Renaissance as it had been in medieval art, but now portraits and stories fromClassical Antiquity were introduced into the artists repertoire. 6 Elegant also states that this was a time when old theoretical frameworks were demolished when the Christian universe, a strained compromise between Ptolemaic astronomy, Aristotelian cosmology and the literal teachings of the bible collapsed. 1 The fresco School of Athens was housed in the public library of Pope Julius II. It had been a tradition during this time of the Renaissance to divide books into subjects and classification. The books in the library were divided up between subjects such as philosophy, law, poetry, and theology.These books were housed underneath the frescoes. The image above would reflect the range of books underneath. It was known that Pope Julius II used or read very few philosophical books and only read law and theology. 2 Angier Hobbs comments that the Christian religion is taking into account and adheres to the religious and philosophical thought of the past and embraces it. Melvyn Bragg states that the trueness is sought by philosophy and found by theology and kept by religion. 4 This painting was an expression of the time. It denounces authoritarian dogma and all religions and philosophies are being abated. They are influencing each other, a spirit of curi osity which was constantly active. The classical world chimed with a new sensibility one which was totally free of dogma. There was a lack of distinctive Judgment during this time and the opening up of thought. 5 In Repeals painting School of Athens, the figures are identified as having different ideas. An energetic debate is being practiced and the scholars are discussing law, astronomy, physics, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and poetry including music. 6 The Vatican library consisted of classical references, and it protected Greek culture.It was a refuge of Greek learning, as the scholars of Classical Greece had been forgotten in the intervening years before the Renaissance. 7 Jill Grayer discusses the figures in the painting, School of Athens. Hypoxia, a Greek Manipulations philosopher in Roman Egypt can be seen and Heron of Alexandria represents an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer. Penalties, a stoic philosopher represents poetry and Diatom of Matinee is a female ph ilosopher who plays an important role in Plats Symposium. She is giving Socrates the teaching of love.It is curious to have women centrally viewed and to be given such status. Inspirational poets and painters are depicted. Euclid is represented and there are great Christian philosophers, theologians and on the other posture of the room are poets and lawyers. The central main figures in the painting are of Aristotle and Plato. Plato is pointing to the sky and Aristotle is pointing towards the ground. Egyptians are personified, as well as Zoroaster who was before the time of Abrahams teachings. Statues of Greek gods are seen on either side, Apollo and Athena.Classical, pagan, Renaissance scholars and religious leaders are represented. In this painting we have the cream of intellectual thought. There is a harmonic aspect to this world as conflict is left out of the frame. (Who is better than another? ) There are plenty of philosophers not paying attention to Plato and Aristotle. It has the complexness of intellectual thought and represents the time. l Herbert Read in his book The Meaning of Art reinforces this idea. The Renaissance was a time where minds were consumed by intellectual curiosity. 2 Wisped suggests that more or less every Greek philosopher can be found within the painting but determining which are depicted is difficult since Raphael made no designations outback(a) possible likenesses and no anthropometry documents to explain the painting. Raphael had to invent a system of iconography to allude to various figures for whom there were no traditional visual types. The identities of some of the philosophers in the brief such as Plato or Aristotle are undeniable. Beyond that identification of Repeals figures have always been hypothetical. 3 Jill Grayer states that not a lot of people knew about Greek architecture. 4 She goes on to say that he would not have known these texts Plato and Aristotle. He was only interested in basic knowledge of tradition . He was not a scholar but a painter. There was no evidence that Raphael had a formal education, or knowledge of Plato and Aristotle philosophy. l Although Jill Grayer later mentions that these ideas would have been talked about and debated continuously during the Raphael had moved to Florence in 1504 and then to Rome in about Renaissance. 1508. Both cities were major centers for High Renaissance Art.Other artists who worked in Florence were Botanical and Michelangelo and they all relied to a great extent on strong draftsmanship. Drawing was the basis of their paintings which is confirmed by present day x- ray bibliographic analysis which shows strong drawing beneath the minted surfaces2 It was said by one of his friends, Elegant states, that it was Repeals greatest Joy to be taught and to teach. 3 With such changes and developments in painting and knowledge being disseminated it is unlikely that Raphael would not have been influenced by these new inventions and new discussions.Gio rgio Vassar who was a close friend and contemporary of Raphael claims that he was angel like. Raphael was modest and good. Gentle and always ready to conciliate, he was considerate of everyone. 4 Herman J Heckler introduces Vassar as a man who knew and admired Raphael. He writes with an assurance of a an he knew, respected and loved. 5 Although Elegant states that such a description is disappointing and uninteresting. Vassar describes him like a professor. 6 Artists during the Renaissance were perceived as heroic and were Just as important as statesmen, 7 so Vicars comments were not wrong or made out of context.

Case for Christ Essay

Dr. Jeffry McDonald was an ex-marine standing trial for killing his family. He did not conceive the jury would find him at fault because he had an alibi. However, his alibi did not stand up to scientific differentiate. Dr. McDonald was sentenced based on blood and trace testify that did not back up his alibi. In this case scientific evidence is introduced to prove or disprove the consistency of the gospels based on the flying field of archeology. Strobel turns to an archeological professional who has personal experience working digs in the Middle East. His name is John McRay.As Strobel gullks to stay independent in multitude the evidence he proposes a question to help him determine if McRay will exaggerate the role of archeology when it comes to determining the reliability of the gospels. McCray points out that archeology place bring forth evidence is presented to either explain or disprove evidence presented. In this chapter the search for opinions contrary to those already c ollected, which includes the opinions of Jesus Seminar, a self-selected theme representing a small portion of New Testament scholars who believe Jesus did not say most of what is credited to him in the gospels.They also published The quin Gospels which include the traditional four plus a manuscript titled the Gospel of Thomas which was written in the second century. The author examines their claims to see if he can find reliable evidence to disprove these confusing opinions. To find answers he visits Dr. Gregory Boyd to gather evidence to the Jesus Seminars widely air views. Most skeptics take pride in their intellectual ability. Some tidy sum like to think that they have no beliefs.However, modern science has shown us that everyone has beliefs. Although people would like to think that everything we believe is based upon evidence and logic this cannot be. We become emotionally bound to our worldview, so much so that worldview changes occur rarely. Observational evidence became a pparent that the humanity was expanding. Inferring back in time revealed that the universe was merely trillions of years old. The data eventually led to the Big Bang theory which is intimately universally accepted by modern day cosmologist.The idea that the universe could have gone through an infinite number of birth and deaths was shown to be wrong on the basis of the lack of amount of matter within the universe. So we have come to realize that the universe first began to exist 13 billion years ago. Atheists are left with a problem because their worldview requires all things have a cause to exist So logic says that the universe had a cause. well-nigh all atheists say that this cause was some natural phenomenon.It is also possible that the cause of the universe was a supernatural intelligence, God. The problem gets worse for the atheist. The physical laws of the universe fall within very small ranges in order for life or matter to exist contradicting strong atheism. The prospect of finding a naturalistic cause for the origin of the universe is dreary since the laws of physics indicate that we will never be able escape the bounds of our universe to even examine for the cause of the universe.

Ovania Case Analysis

Ovania Chemical Corporation, a producer of specialty chemicals, is taking the initiative to modernize. The modernization will embarrass re building jobs performed by employees. The most unfavourable job the community is evaluating for redesign is the stance of the System Analyzer. This position is critical to operations because the system analyser is responsible for monitoring all of the chemical components used in the toil of goods.Ovania is looking to automate this position which will require system analyzers to have more technical skills. Overall, the changes the company is implementing will change the tasks, duties, and responsibilities of this position by more than 70 percent. The company anticipates that the transition to this new-fashioned system will be a two year process. Ovania has already developed a committee to design the potential skill set that they feel will be needed to perform the system analyzer job and interrogatory to evaluate that skill set was developed. Recruiting new applicants for the newly designed position was make internally and externally, with emphasis on recruiting from within the organization, as well as current system analyzers who were uncoerced to re trail, prior to the two year implementation, for their positions. Prescreening for skills and experience were not considered as part of the application process in order to encourage a more diverse pool of applicants.Concern were raised, however, that some protected classes whitethorn find the position objectionable ground on some of the requirements, such as entering interference tanks to read gauges because the compute is quite dirty. Applicants would be considered based on their mathematical operation on aptitude and business leader tests. Testing would only take place for skills which the company felt it could not reasonably train an applicant for prior to the two year implementation date.The cutoff score for interrogation was decided upon and after testing the c ompany has narrowed the pool of applicants to twenty, however he testing itself has been problematic for the organization, because the position is new and no validity or normative data exists to base the testing on. The key mercantile establishment facing Ovania is the validity of the testing procedure for the new position. Because no prior data exists, Ovania needs to be certain that the criteria selected for testing is actually valid for the position of system analyst. How does a company such as Ovania conduct a job analysis for a position that does not exist yet?By looking at the current position requirements (duties and tasks) as well as the current job description, Ovania can develop guidelines for the new position. While this position will be different from the current job requirements, some of the areas included in the current job analysis will be valid for the new position as well. every new skills and responsibilities the company anticipates may be required could be rese arched based on analysis already conducted within the industry for similar jobs.Leaving room for additional requirements and noting that the analysis methods may change as the position develops will also be key, however primary responsibilities and skill sets for applicants should be established based in research specific to the industry and based on similar positions. Did Ovania choose content-valid selection criteria? What new(prenominal) predictors may be useful? Selection criteria used by Ovania is content valid for this position, as it samples the noesis and skill necessary to perform the job.Ovania may also benefit from learning about applicants previous performance in related positions and physical ability testing for this position. Given the technical nature and level of province required for this position, prior job performance data will be valuable in assessing capableness of the applicant. Why not hire someone fully trained now? Ovania has decided that it is willing t o train any skills it deems reasonable to be acquired prior to the two year implementation date. The advantage of this approach is that the selected applicant will be trained ccording to the development of the position over that time and will be beaten(prenominal) with the company environment.The disadvantage is the cost of that training to Ovania should the applicant decide to leave or not work out in this position. Should the concern about women getting down into the dirty treatment tanks have been a selection issue? How might you include this factor in a selection battery? The issue of getting in the dirty treatment tanks should not be considered for just female applicants, but should be addressed with all applicants for the position as it is a required part of the position for anyone chosen for the job.This should be part of the developed job description and all applicants selected to be interviewed should be five the description for the position and emphasis made that checking the gauges in the treatment tanks is a mandatory requirement. They should have full understanding that if they are not willing to perform this part of the job they will not be considered for the position as it is necessary to the safety of the plant operations.

Kinds of evidence reveal about social justice Essay

During this es show I will be drawing from Chapters 1 and 3 from companionable Justice Welfargon Crime and Society and Chapter 4 videodisk1 to discuss some several(predicate) types of present approximately fond dark.The first example I am going to use is that from an selection from Book 1, Social Justice, Chapter 1, Extract 1.2, Mandela 1995, p83. Here Mandela gives a individualised account of when he was training to be a lawyer and what brotherly in nicety he came across by stylus of discrimination. On the mean solar day that Mandela started his new job he was introduced to his office by a white secretary and to a crevice black colleague Gaur. Mandela was taken to one side and t grey-haired that there was no colour bar at the law firm. The secretary so when on to say that that at mid morning there would be a tea break and that new cups had been purchased for himself and Gaur When the tea break came Mandelas colleague opinionated not to use one of the two new cups provi ded but instead choose one of the old cups.Mandela however chose to decline and be impartial in order to neither alienate himself or offend. This could in fact have been Mandelas source of justice for the mischief which had just been encompassed upon him. It could however also be said that the commission Gaur dealt with the situation could be his own way of getting back at the secretary who had served him with this injustice and he could have thought the actions he gave was his own form of justice to himself. This single out of injustice is both discrimination and a form of disadvantage. This evidence used is by way of individual(prenominal) testimony, quantitive data.The second example is that Extract 1.2, page 9. The extract tells of a woman Lillie Mae Bedford who suffered a social injustice nearly 60 years ago and which is still concerning her today. This lady was charged with disordly conduct for academic session in a white only seat on an Alabama bus back in 1951. This l ady is still awaiting a pardon for this today. Unfortunately Bradford is still carrying the weight of this today. Not only did it affect her by having a criminal record but this meant that she was unable to apply for certain jobs as she had a police record. In fact, this form of injusticehappened to another lady Rosa Parks a some years later, and her arrest provoked a bus boycott. This sort of injustice lead to a testify that whilst was initially defined as illegal went on to result in the law to be changed.This adage the beginning of the end for segregation and she became a civil rights icon. This also opened up questions on the kind between justice, the law and the state. The law at the time was a powerful body of the state that that be certain ideas of what was just and unjust at certain times and certain places and that was reinforced with criminal justice bodies, i.e. the police, courts etc. The state does not just reflect these notions, it also creates them. However, these legal ideas of justice atomic number 18 not shared by everyone. Due to the way society reacted to both Bradfords and Rosa Parks, the law was changed. This shows that the laws were not only changeable but also contestable.Many people impertinence tough restrictions in entryway another country in todays world. Once entered into another country there are further controls and restrictions that migrants face. They can be by way of registration and the need to prove their identity and conformation status. there has always been attempts to control immigration but in todays society more than ever. Over more recent years new laws and restrictions have been introduced to control immigration. In chapter 4 of the DVD it gives audio recorded whereby immigrants are trying to enter one of the Spanish Islands illegally via boats, surf boards and plain been known via refrigerator. Whilst of course this is illegal there is also a responsibility of ensuring that these immigrants are rescued and safely returned to shore. Jose Antonio, DVD 1, Chapter 4, discusses an incident where the Spanish Coastguards were informed that there were over 400 boats which had left Africa and where heading for Spanish waters.Illegal immigrants died in this journey over whilst others were left dehydrated in boats. Crime saloon understandably runs along side social welfare. Crime pr blushtion is brought about by attempting to stop the immigrants getting into outside(prenominal) countries where they are not permitted to without the correct documentation, passports etc. Crime prevention has been set up by way of border controls in all countries to attempt to stop all illegal immigrants. If border controls were removed then there would surely be a vast increase in immigrants entering illegally.Whilst detestation prevention is much and must needed aspect of society this clearly entangles itself with the fact that social welfare towards immigrants is a human right. What starts as border control, crime prevention, quickly crosses over into being a salvage operation, social welfare. Clearly here the immigrants face an injustice not only because of their nationality but probably because of their social material body as the majority of immigrants are looked on as lower class, possibly being having to be looked afterward by the state. An injustice has occurred here as their social welfare has not been addressed but crime control has by laws that have been put into existence by exercising control over those (immigrants) that threaten to disrupt what the state saw just and lawful.The final example I am using is that of injustice through work and that of harm through gender. Woman are particularly exposed to harm in the workplace particularly those from socially lower economic backgrounds and ethnic minorities. These women tend to have less choices about their working conditions and end up working for less pay, manually heavier jobs and longer hours. Barbara Ehrenreich (2002) ca rried out a have in America relating to living on a minimum wage. Enrenreichs study offered an insight to the way these women had to live, the long hours they worked for little money and the demanding efforts they faced on a day to day basis. Unfortunately these women keep to work in these unjust conditions despite injury through fear of loss of pay. These workers were vulnerable.Their basic rights were abused, these women were a great deal controlled by way of punishments made to them in their employment, no talking policies, having their work rotas re-scheduled at short ceremonial etc. Whilst entering into paid work for these women and enabling them to develop new capabilities and social relationships it also state it was a source of harm. Enrenreichs study also raises questions in respect of dependence and independence not only between employee and employer but also a dependence for women on low wages and the difficulties that they face and the fact they this could lead t f urther economic independence and quality of life. Whether this entangled into crime, I would say not really as laws are put in place to protect women albeit personally, unjust. The laws are governed and re-readdressed even if not everyone shares their value on what is right and just. This form ofevidence is by way of case study. in conclusion to give a brief conclusion about what I understand of social justice and social injustice. I understand that Social Justice is justice which is experienced within a society of heterogeneous social classes. A socially just society is based on the principles of comparison which both understands and values human rights based on the concept of human rights as income re-distribution, property re-distribution, progressive taxation and equality between men/women, disabled or able bodied to name a few examples. Social justice is one of both contestable and changeable. Social injustice is really just the opposite of the above. An injustice is claimed to be an unfairness within society/a wrong doing.Social injustice arises when the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in society is not equal. Big groups/large powerful organisations are much more powerful, more potent than that of a smaller group therefore often being responsible for many injustices however, these are often ignored by both the social welfare and criminal system. This to is also ever changeable and contestable. The evidence that I have used about is mostly that of quantitive data by use of both personal testimonials and case study. I used this sort of data as the examples I have used are from peoples injustices through their experiences they have lived and I feel personal testimonies would be more affective.